The Process Of Memory Affect Us On A Daily Basis - 2011 Words

Introduction The notion of an episodic and semantic memory as part of a category of memory is one that is one that has had copious amounts of research and is a mental phenomenon in which information is encoded, stored and retrieved. The process of memory affects every aspect of our daily lives and has led to much neurological and cognitive research, as well as behavioural and psychoanalytical, amongst other theories, and an equivalent amount of research has been spent into finding out the extent of how damages to processes of memory affect us on a daily basis. Failure of memory can normally result from failure to adequately store the memory in the first place, failure to retain the information and failure to retrieve the information later on. Neuro-imaging studies using techniques such as MRI and post-mortem work have shown that structural abnormalities in brain regions such as the frontal lobes, amygdala and cerebellum and also lesioning of the hippocampus in a connectionist model results in a s imilar temporal gradient in memory retrieval to that seen in amnesic patients with hippocampal damage (Alvarez and Squire, 1994). The distinctions between areas of memory is complex and commonly disputed, likely consisting of multiple areas and categories however in this essay I will be focusing on semantic and episodic memory, as distinctive categories of memory. In order to discuss the distinction between episodic and semantic memory, we must first look into each one individuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Mechanics of Consciousness1571 Words   |  6 Pagesinternal actions and reaction toward different stimulus. Consciousness has greater impacts on our daily life and could influence survival of different organisms that lives on planet earth. The benefits is that it offers protection as it control the self .Consciousness regulate what we think and the reaction that we respond to the different experiences that we undergo on daily basis. Also, it allows us to either allow a thought or resp ond or terminating the thought as it might be not useful both theRead MoreElectronic Devices Affect The Way We Communicate1362 Words   |  6 Pages Today, people around the world are influenced by technologies and use it on a daily basis. It seems like they can’t let go because these electronic devices are so attached to them and it’s an addiction. Electronic devices affect the way we communicate, perceive information, and solve problems. Google changes the way how people find information and solve problems and that they are not using their brain at its full potential. With all the technological advancement, they’re affecting the younger generationsRead MoreChallenging Alzheimers Disease Behaviors : A Study936 Words   |  4 Pagesand more common. Unfortunately, traditional management of patients with Alzheimer’s disease in nursing homes exhibiting inappropriate or challenging behaviors often results in physical or chemical restraint. Agitated behavior s often interfere with daily living, and according to Witzke, Rhone, Backhaus, and Shaver (2008), may escalate from restlessness, pacing, and disrobing to hitting, kicking, and yelling. Agitation is described as inappropriate verbal or motor activity unrelated to needs or confusionRead MoreExplain How Biological Factors May Affect One Cognitive Process1659 Words   |  7 PagesExplain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process Memory is essential to human beings. It’s not only the brain’s main function, but is also used everyday without us noticing: we acquire new information, store it, retain it and might retrieve it if needed. It’s thanks to memory and its three main stages: encoding, storage and retrieval, that humans can operate and recall events and information on a daily basis with no difficulty or effort whatsoever. In 1960, it was claimed that thereRead MoreTechnology Is Making Our Lives Easier928 Words   |  4 Pagesis used on a daily basis. If you don’t use technology you’re making life hard for yourself. There are many advantages and as many disadvantages in using technology. Technology has completely changed the mankind. We have information on our fingertips at all times. It’s fast, convenient and very useful in today’s society. People nowadays look for answers using technology instead of doing research themselves. Nicolas Carr, writer on techn ology and culture, in his essay â€Å"Is Google making us stupid?† StatesRead MoreSpeech On Sleep Deprivation And College Students1305 Words   |  6 Pagesto know the effects of sleep deprivation on academics and memory, personal health effects and how to improve their sleeping patterns. Transition: To start off I want to talk the negative effects on memory and academics in correlation to sleep deprivation. II. Body A. Studies published in the Journal of Sleep Research, both deep sleep and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) is required for retaining information and storing it as well. The process of sleeping has 4 steps. Step one is the persons eyes areRead MoreThe Chronic Neurological Disease : Alzheimer s Disease1649 Words   |  7 Pagesdisease. There are various ways that someone can acquire the Alzheimer’s, a few include; family history, obesity, and Down syndrome. Some symptoms of the disease are, memory loss, difficulty completing familiar daily tasks, confusion with time or place, and changes in mood or personality. Someone who is going through the process to find out if they have the disease has to do some blood work and a few brain imaging sessions to rule out other causes of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is a diseaseRead MoreConsumer Behaviour (Kotler and Keller)1250 Words   |  5 Pagessatisfy their needs and wants. Consumers are exposed to a myriad of marketing and othe r external stimuli on a daily basis for which the marketer has to consider consumer characteristics and consumer psychology to successfully position a product or service. Consumer characteristics include; culture, social and personal factors and consumer psychology include motivation, perception, learning and memory. Culture is the underlying determinant of a person’s wants and behaviours. Our values are shaped by ourRead MoreWhy Sleep Is Important For Memory1403 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Sleep is Important for Memory Sleep is a natural state of unconsciousness and is one of the most important human needs. Sleep is also an active process which affects all parts of the body and cannot be replaced by anything else. There are some conditions which have to be fulfilled to differentiate sleep from unconsciousness – for example sleep occurs periodically and can be interrupted at any time. People also sleep one third of their lives and we can be awakened up by stimulation from sleepRead MoreLsd Assisted Psychotherapy From The Client s View Point1148 Words   |  5 Pages(Barrau-Alonso et al.). This paper’s main aim is to shed light on the effects of LSD assisted psychotherapy in daily life. This paper examines the effectiveness LSD assisted psychotherapy from the client’s view point. Due to limitations in methodology, it is difficult to establish whether the actions and changes taken on seen here will prove to be true on a larger scale. Whether LSD therapy affect daily life more s o personal relationships can be confirmed and will be discussed within the paper. The long term

Israel s Impact On The Middle East - 1167 Words

Israel: Few Against Many Despite being one of the worlds’ smallest countries, Israel has prevailed in all conflicts since its independence from British rule in 1948. (U.S. Relations with Israel) If Israel is lost to the neighboring countries the United States will lose an important ally and strong presence in the Middle East. Despite all the controversy and conflict over the 7,850 square miles is home to some of the holiest sites of Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. From the southernmost, desert The Negev, this consumes 50% of Israel, to the splitting crustal plates in The Great Rift Valley (Israel: Geographic Regions). The heartland of agriculture lies in the Mediterranean Coastal Plain where two-thirds of the population lives. The Central and Northern Highlands are continuous north-south mountains whose central portion lies within the western bank, the Highlands are separated also by the fifth and final major geological region which is The Plain of Esdraelon a rough triangul ar shaped valley. Regardless from the small size, the climate for Israel is diverse. Winds from the north pass over the Mediterranean Sea bringing moisture to the land, the same winds from the southern portion pass thru the Egyptian Sinai Desert causing an extreme arid climate. The economic growth rate is sluggish at best with the year 2005 having a growth rate of 5.25 percent and 2006 having a slightly lower growth rate than the prior year. Many of these setbacks are due to theShow MoreRelated Water In the Middle East: Prospects for Conflict and Cooperation 1028 Words   |  5 PagesReasons and origins of the conflict for water are dating back in the late 40s and the Arab-Israeli conflict. More precisely, the countries involved that represent potential conflict are Israel and Syria, as well as Israel and Palestine. For example, what can be mentioned here are Israeli aspirations to keep tight control over the economically important areas. This is directly linked to the water issues and diverting the water from one to another region. Other Arab countries are strongly opposingRead MoreSoviet Penetration and Growth in Syria During the Late 1950s1406 Words   |  6 PagesSoviet penetration of Syria arguably grew to its peak in the late 1950s and the early 1960s, although it would persist throughout the 70s and the U.S.S.R.s existence. There are a couple of highly eminent events which took place that allowed the Soviet presence to gain the degree of salience that it did during the aforementioned epoch. The first of which was the ending of World War II, which effectively decimated virtually every other competing world power aside from the United States and RussiaRead MoreThe United States And The Middle East1245 Words   |  5 Pagesmuch of the United States’ history, affairs in the Middle East have been an important focus. A more recent example is President Barack Obama attempting to deal with the terrorist organization, ISIS, because they are threatening the security of American allies. In the past, multiple other presidents have intervened in Middle Eastern affairs because they believe that doing so would be in the best interest of the United States. The importance of Middle Eastern affairs to the United States during the 1960sRead MoreEssay about The United States Greatest Fears 933 Words   |  4 Pagespossesses an extreme amount of power that makes it very authoritative and influential. It is a country used to being at the top, never below in supremacy. The U.S. fears communism, loosing Israel’s support, and the unification of countries in the Middle East. The United States fears equality among its community and therefore does not agree or like communism. For America, the idea of the distribution of the wealth of the people by the government equally is impossible. As it is a free country, communismRead MoreThe Rise Of Nuclear Weapons1665 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Rise of Nuclear Weaponry in the Middle East’ Daisaku Ikeda, a spiritual leader in Japan once commented, ‘Japan learned from the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that tragedy wrought by nuclear weapons must never be repeated and that humanity and nuclear weapons cannot coexist.’ The world has experienced the bombings of Japan, of Pearl Harbor and the conflict of the Cold War, but even with these conflicts present in our history, warning us of the effects of conflict and nuclear weaponry coexistingRead MoreThe Health Of American Politics Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesabout two topics which they are the American politics and the American democracy. I am going to discuss one issue regarding each topic. In the topic of American politics, I will describe the negative impact of the Israeli lobby on the American Politic. After that, I will describe the negative impact of the electoral college system on the American democracy. The Israeli lobby and the electoral college system are affecting the health of American politi cs and democracy negatively. In the past fewRead MoreThe Arab-Israeli Conflict and Black-Jewish Relations953 Words   |  4 PagesThese people considered the Palestinians as their brothers because they shared the same skin color and religion. The good relations between Blacks and Jews was also affected by the thought that Jews were Zionist or pro-Israel by many Blacks. Notably, the main event that had a huge impact and effect on the Black-Jewish relations was the Arab-Israeli conflict. Black Jewish Relations: Blacks and Jews were natural allies who were able to automatically empathize with each others predicament since bothRead MoreThe War Of The Gulf War1260 Words   |  6 PagesIraq War. Origins Throughout the cold war Iraq had been ally under Soviet Union.The main concentration of USA was against this position of Soviet-Iraq relationship.Even the US was concerned with Iraq s position on Israeli-Palestinian politics and its disapproval of the nature of the peace between Israel and Egypt.The US also disliked Iraqi support for many Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal,which led to its inclusion on the developing US list of state sponsors of terrorism on 29thRead MoreEssay on Role of Geography in the Arab-Israeli Conflict1675 Words   |  7 Pagessatisfied, the appearance of religious conflict will exist in the Middle East. It seems as if the real truth needs to be portrayed to the rest of the world about the true reason for the Arab-Israeli conflict, which is geography and ultimately water. The lack of water stems from the Great Syrian Rift Zone, and causes damage to Israeli land which ultimately decreases the amount of water that flows into the Red Sea. Th is lack of water causes Israel and other surrounding countries (Jordan, Lebanon, and theRead MoreThe Palestinian Domain Of The West Bank1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdetours, and the division divider hinder and limit development inside the Palestinian domain. Since 1967, when Israel vanquished these regions, Palestinians have been living under Israeli military occupation. While in a few sections of the land Israel has permitted a Palestinian self-governing element to tackle such civil capacities as instruction, human services, base and policing, Israel holds general force. Israeli constrains frequently usurp private area, detain people without methodology, including

Aquinas on Conscience Essay Free Essays

For Aquinas. scruples is the act of using our cognition of good and evil to what we do ( or might make ) . So in order to ( of course ) know what is a good action or bad one. We will write a custom essay sample on Aquinas on Conscience Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now one needs to understand how things are of course ordered by God — chiefly what human nature is and what things it needs and deserves. This order which dictates what is good or evil behavior is called the Natural Law by Aquinas. God can and does besides preternaturally uncover what is and is non in conformity with his will. e. g. the Ten Commandments and Christ’s Two Great Commandments. One besides needs to use this cognition to what one does. and so one needs to be free to move in conformity with what one knows to be the Divine order of things. or non. Our scruples is our realisation that what we might make or hold done is good or non. but it is non the existent making or the choosing. On a proficient note. for Aquinas scruples is the act of understanding what is right and incorrect. though the name may be applied by extension to a wont or power of executing this act of understanding. The virtuousness of doing right judgements about right or incorrect. i. e. appropriate exercisings of scruples is called prudence. The ground that this is of import is that one can non make the right thing if one does non cognize what the right thing is. So. if person has jobs with their scruples. it does non look appropriate to fault them. Children do non hold to the full formed scrupless. and do non ever understand what the right thing to make is. If a kid does incorrect because he or she didn’t know any better. or because he or she thought it was the right thing to make. we do non ( or should non ) incrimination and penalize him or her. Aquinas hence believes that non merely is one excused from wrongdoing if one’s scruples is in mistake. one besides is bound to make the incorrect thing if one’s scruples tells one that it is the Right thing to make. He besides believes that one has a responsibility to hold a grammatical scruples. one that knows what the right thing to make is. Even though an earring witting alibis one from making incorrect. one may hold done incorrect in allowing one’s scruples autumn into mistake. How to cite Aquinas on Conscience Essay, Essay examples

Retailers Management

Question: Select and compare websites of two retailers that are in the same business ? Answer: Introduction In this paper a comparative analysis has been conducted between the two online shopping websites: the Amazon.com and the Barnes and Noble.com or bn.com. The first website is an electronic seller of various sorts: they sell electronic goods, toys, consumer products, clothing, and books and so on and forth. On the other hand, the Barnes and Noble is an online shop for books only: no other commodities are found on their website. Comparative Analysis Both the sites were searched with the aim of finding out by how much they abide the basic rule of website designing (WebIntel by Ironpaper). The results have been discussed in details in the following section: Barnes and Nobel The first point that should be mentioned about this site is the ease of use of their user interfaces. The entire website is well optimized for search operations: the very first page contains a UI which can be searched to find out anything that the user is looking for (Barnesandnoble.com). Neither does the website encourage its users to download any new browser, nor does it allow flash applications. The entire structure is consistent and provides grid views of all their products. The use of fonts is just perfect for the purpose of viewing: neither is the site too responsive nor are the codes running it are functioning in a messy way. Amazon The design of the Amazon .com also supports various UIs: however, since the website sells a very wide range of products, the search process becomes a little bit messy (Amazon.com). Finding out the exact product that we are looking for is not as easy as compared to Barnes and Nobles. Neither does the website encourage its users to download any new browser, nor does it allow flash applications. A very consistent system provides a grid view of all their products using a well defined font. Attracting The Customers The main difference between the above mentioned websites is that the Amazon .com is presented and designed in a bit overly done way: the website provides too much of offers on each of their pages and very often the same products are available for different prices on various sections of their website: thus confusing the customers tremendously. The Barnes and Noble on the other hand maintain a very neat look, even though they sell almost as many categories of reading materials as the Amazon. However, it should also be noted that while the bn.com can afford to maintain their classy look, the many promotional sells provide by Amazon itself does not allow the website utilize their web pages so lavishly. Last but not the least, most of the customers who have registered to Amazon stick to it, because at this particular site allows them to browse through a wide range of products. Website Pereformance: Both the sites provide convenient and fast purchase experience to the users. The websites also provide various additional information regarding the items that are being searched for. The details provided by both the websites can be easily read and understood by the general mass. However, while the Amazon uses various online ads, viral marketing, and affiliate programs for promoting their website, the Barnes and Nobel implements only email marketing for this purpose. The Barnes and Nobel deliver e-books and nook books to the customer instantly. The hard copies of all the books are mailed to the customer as soon as possible: the books can either be delivered to the addresses provided by the customer, or the customer can pick up the book from any nearby store. Amazon sends all the purchases made by their customers to the addresses provided by them. Conclusion Both of these websites are used by millions of people each day: this was the prime inspiration behind selecting these sites for the purpose of comparative analysis. References Amazon.com,. 'Amazon.Com: Online Shopping For Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, Dvds More'. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 June 2015. Barnesandnoble.com,. 'Barnes Noble - Books, Textbooks, Ebooks, Toys, Games More'. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 June 2015. WebIntel by Ironpaper,. 'Top 10 Dos And DonTs Of Web Design - Webintel By Ironpaper'. N.p., 2013. Web. 5 June 2015.

A Brief Overview and Description of Geography

A Brief Overview and Description of Geography The science of geography is likely the oldest of all sciences. Geography is the answer to the question that the earliest humans asked, Whats over there? Exploration and the discovery of new places, new cultures, and new ideas have always been basic components of geography. Thus, geography is often called the mother of all sciences as studying other people and other places led to other scientific fields such as biology, anthropology, geology, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, among others. (See other Definitions of Geography) What Does the Word Geography Mean? The word geography was invented by the ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes and literally means writing about the earth. The word can be divided into two parts - ge and graphy. Ge means the Earth and graphy refers to writing. Of course, geography today means much more than writing about the Earth but its a difficult discipline to define. Many geographers have done their best to define geography but a typical dictionary definition today reads, The science of the Earths physical features, resources, climate, population, etc. Divisions of Geography Today, geography is commonly divided into two major branches - cultural geography (also called human geography) and physical geography. Cultural geography is the branch of geography dealing with human culture and its impact on the Earth. Cultural geographers study languages, religion, foods, building styles, urban areas, agriculture, transportation systems, politics, economies, population and demographics, and more. Physical geography is the branch of geography dealing with the natural features of the Earth, the home of humans. Physical geography looks at the water, air, animals, and land of the planet Earth (i.e. everything that is part of the four spheres - the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere). Physical geography is closely related to geographys sister science - geology - but physical geography focuses more on the landscapes at the surface of the Earth and not what is inside our planet. Other key areas of geography include regional geography (which involves the in-depth study and knowledge of a particular region and its cultural as well as its physical characteristics) and geographic technologies like GIS (geographic information systems) and GPS (global positioning system). An important system for dividing the subject of geography is known as the Four Traditions of Geography. History of Geography The history of geography as a scientific discipline can be traced back to the Greek scholar Eratosthenes. It was further developed in the modern era by Alexander von Humboldt and from there, you can trace the history of geography in the United States. Also, see the Timeline of Geographic History. Studying Geography Since the late 1980s, when the subject of geography was not well-taught throughout the United States, there has been a revival in geographic education. Thus, today many primary, secondary, and university students are choosing to learn more about geography. There are many resources online available to learn about studying geography, including one article about earning a college degree in geography. While at the university, be sure to explore career opportunities through internships in geography. Great Studying Geography Resources: Branches of GeographyCapitals of Every CountryGeography GlossaryQuestions and Answers About GeographyGeography Facts, Lists, and TriviaMaps and Geographical Information About Every Country (including blank outline maps)Top 10 Reasons to Study Geography (Humor) Careers in Geography Once you start studying geography, youll want to look into various careers in geography so dont miss this article specifically about Jobs in Geography. Joining a geographic organization is also helpful as you pursue a geographic career.

Latent Defect Essays

Latent Defect Essays Latent Defect Paper Latent Defect Paper Mike Christensen December 10, 2009 CM 385: Section 1 Final Paper How Can A Contractor Avoid Liability for Defective Work? Every contract created produces a margin of risk and a platform for success. Depending on how one manages the risk assumed, one may either excel and shine in the glory of success or drown and disappear in the raging waters of error. Nevertheless, to become great one must take that step of faith into the flailing wind. As said by Leo F. Buscalglia, â€Å"The person who risks nothing – does nothing, has nothing, is nothing, and becomes nothing. He may avoid suffering and sorrow, but he simply cannot learn†¦ and grow†¦ and live. † (Buscalglia, 2009) The contractor who is bound to the owner must understand the risk assumed regarding defective work. This understanding will create a critical eye for the contractor that will help mitigate risk. To begin, the contractor must recognize what a defect is and the different categories that a defect may be classified as; the various categories will provide opportunities for the contractor to have future claims barred after acceptance. The two main classifications for defective work are known as: patent defects and latent defects. According to the Steven H. Gifis, the author of Law Dictionary, a patent defect is a â€Å"defect that could be recognized upon reasonably careful inspection or through the use of ordinary diligence and care. † To assist in avoiding claims against the contractor due to patent defects, a contractor will create a punch-list, which list will include specific items that need to be checked; and if needed, corrected, prior to the sale of the project. Usually the contractor will walk through the project with the owner to identify any corrections needed. Upon acceptance of the work by the owner, which can be manifest by payment or taking possession of the project (i. e. substantial completion), any future patent defect claims cannot be brought against the contractor. The defect should have been recognized upon a reasonably careful inspection, completed by filling out the punch list. A prime example where a contractor and owner are protected by a future claim of defective work is found in the case, Inman v. Binghamton Housing Authority. It was six years after the completion of the Saratoga Terrace apartment complex when a child ell off the back porch stoop and received severe injuries. The parents of the child claimed that the contractor and owner were responsible due to their negligence in constructing the stoop without a protective railing. The court referenced back to the Campo v. Schofield case, which states, â€Å"We have not yet reached the state where a manufacturer is under the duty of making a machine accident proof or foolp roof. † The court also noted that the complex had been used without accident for six years and that it did not conceal any dangers or defective work that would not have been found by a reasonable inspection. The outcome of the case proved that the pleading did not contain any allegation of a defect, and that the liability rested upon the parents of the child. Consequently, the phrase Caveat Emptor (Buyer Beware) protects the contractor from future claims as long as the defective work existed at the time of inspection and could have reasonably been identified. Nevertheless, a contractor must also understand that if the defective work is classified as a latent defect, the risk and liability associated with this defect may be transferred back to the contractor. Therefore, a contractor must understand what a latent defect is and how risk might be lessened. The Law Dictionary defines a latent defect as a â€Å"flaw that is discovered after delivery; usually, latent defects are inherent weaknesses which normally are not detected by examination or routine tests, but which are present at the time of manufacture or are aggravated by use. † (2003) Consequently, this flaw may not be found until the structure or member fails, which rapidly increases the liability of the project. The most identifiers for these failures are unsatisfactory material, workmanship, or design; all of these produce results that do not comply with the contract requirements. In reference to the three common identifiers mentioned above, the most difficult to resolve is the case where the material is defective – who is responsible – the owner, architect, manufacturer, or contractor? The variety of materials is so vast and the testing so limited, that the various personnel mentioned above try to cut costs without assuming the liability. In the case, Wood-Hopkins Contracting Co. v. Masonry Contractors Inc. , Masonry Contractors Inc. ontracted to install and clean the masonry for an apartment complex in Atlanta, Georgia. Upon substantial completion, water was found leaking into the apartment due to the recently constructed masonry wall. Wood-Hopkins immediately accused Masonry Contractors Inc. for the defective work and requested that they waterproof the entire structure (a c ost of $12,255. 00). Masonry Contractors Inc. recognized that the leak came from the wall constructed by their crew, but affirmed that the contract had specifically called out the means and method of installation and material to be used, and that the material was defective, not their work. In the end, the material was found to be defective, which defect caused a failure in the bond. Thus, if the contractor follows the specifications of the owner, which specifications are found in the contract documents, the contractor is able to transfer the liability back to the owner and proceed with minimal risk. In regards to minimizing the risk associated with latent defects, a contractor should obtain the greatest amount of training to increase his workmanship, and then follow the specifications of the contract. If any questions arise during construction, he should consult the owner and designer so that liability and risk will be transferred. . In the case, Southwest Welding v. The United States, the contractor, Southwest Welding, contracted with the government to build several sections of penstock. Upon completion of each section, the government’s Contracting Officer would approve the section and installation of the section would commence and final payment would be made. The contract clearly stated that welds would be radiographically examined and that the Contracting Officer was the only person authorized to accept the work. After installing 15 sections of penstock, the Contracting Officer requested a different test be performed on the welds, which test required that the contractor remove and replace 348,000 inches of welding, equaling an additional cost of $543,343. 76. The Contractor sent letters of clarification, stating that the work previously performed met the contracted requirements and that the work requested would be additional work and would require extra compensation. After traveling the courts, the appellate court sided with the contractor due to the communication which clearly identified the requested work as extra work, because the contractor met the requirements of the contract. In conclusion, a contractor has the opportunity to take the precautions and steps necessary to bar future patent defect claims by creating a punch-list and walking through the project with the owner. The owner’s power of acceptance enforces the contractual phrase Caveat Emptor. Nevertheless, if the defects are considered to be a latent efect, the owner can still trace liability back to the owner. Because of this, the contractor must provide excellent workmanship and follow the specific language of the contract documents. By so doing, the responsibility and liability of the project flows back to the owner who initially took the risk to live, to learn, and invest in his project. Buscalglia, Leo f. (2009). ThinkExist. com. Retrieved 11 25, 2009, from http://thinke xist. com/quotation/the_person_who_risks_nothing-does_nothing-has/148405. html Inman v Binghamton Housing Authority, 3 N. Y. d 137 (Court of Appeals of New York July 3, 1957). Campo v. Schofield, 301 N. Y. 468, 95 N. E. 2d 802 Inman v. Binghamton Housing Authority, 3 N. Y. 2d 137; 143 N. E. 2d 895 Latent Defect. (2003). In The Law Dictionary. Retrieved December 2nd, 2009 from answers. com/topic/latent-defect Patent Defect. (2003). In The Law Dictionary. Retrieved December 2nd, 2009 from answers. com/topic/latent-defect Southwest Welsidng Manufacturing Company v. The United States, 188 Ct. Cl. 925 Wood-Hopkins Contracting Co v. Masonry Contractors Inc. , 235 So. 2d 548

Willy Russell's Educating Rita Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Willy Russell's Educating Rita - Essay Example It traces the development of a young working class hairdresser who attends English literature tutorials with an older academic called Frank. While the story of Rita is both amusing and poignant, it is in fact the transformation of Frank that provides the richest message of the play. At the beginning of the play there is a deliberate contrast between Rita’s fresh approach to literature, and Frank’s obvious boredom with his job. This can be seen in the way that Rita surprises Frank in her answers to his assignment questions, for example when he asks her a question about how to stage the play Peer Gynt, Rita answers â€Å"Do it on the radio† (Act I, Scene 4). The audience knows that part of the reason for this short answer is that she had to struggle against the combined opposition of her partner and her father to complete this assingmnent. Frank, however, interprets this the answer of a genius, showing Rita is an original spirit, able to think around the question a nd reframe it in an intelligent and quite radical way. It is not the kind of answer that Frank would expect from his usual students.

Sales Force Decision Sequence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sales Force Decision Sequence - Essay Example The sales force decision making starts at the level 1 which are taken by the top management whereas the level 2 & 3 are taken at the mid level and bottom level. The ‘corporate strategy’ and ‘go to market strategy’ are taken at the level 1 by the top management. These level 1 decisions are not under the control of the sales force whereas the level 2 & 3 are controlled by the actual sales force. The level 2 and 3 decisions will be taken by the sales force as per the needs of the level 1 decision. Customer retention and attraction process, size and structure and product & market resource development decisions are taken at the level 2 whereas compensation, hiring, training, sales manager, productivity enhancement decision taken at the level 3’ (Zoltners) Each level of decision making is interconnected with each other. The actual implementation part of the strategies made at level 1 is taking place level 2 and 3. At level 1, the top management will take the decisions about which markets needed to be exploited and when the product needed to be introduced into the market etc. At level 2, the decision would be more realistic and it will be based on the production capacity of the organization and the actual size and structure of the market. Customers are of two types; existing and new. The existing customers needed to be retained whereas new customers needed to be attracted in order to market a product successfully. At level 2 such strategies will be formulated. Level 3 decisions are the last level of decisions before the product actually introduced into the market. At this level the actual sales force required for the implementation of the sales strategies formulated at level 1 and 2, would be appointed. Sales managers, Executives Representatives, Assistants etc all hired and trained at level 3.

Modern History of Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern History of Japan - Essay Example Japan is known worldwide as the nation with the most serious environmental pollution. Japan’s environmental destruction started long before the emergence of the country’s modernization and industrialization period. The well-known example of early pollution problem was Ashio copper mine, which began its destructive operations at the end of the nineteenth century and continues to this day to be a pervasively insoluble problem. The Ashio mine, in Tochigi, has been in existence at least since 1600 when it belonged to the Tokugawa shogunate with annual production capacity of about 1,500 tons. It became privately owned in 1871 following the industrialization initiated by the Meiji restoration. In 1877 it became the property of Furukawa Ichibei, and by the 1880s production had increased dramatically, reaching 4,090 tons by 1885, 78 % of the total output of the Furukawa mines and 39 % of Japan’s copper production. The major pollution problem associated with Ashio Copper Mine was the destruction of water ecosystem due to copper poisoning of ground water caused by flooding and drainage. In 1884, massive tree blighting occurred because of a discovery of large copper ore load. In August 1885, massive fish kills in the Watarase River was observed because of the use of the steam-operated pump and rock-crushing machines in Ani mine. In August 1890, 1,600 hectares of farmland and 28 towns and villages in Tochigi and Gunma prefectures were heavily damaged by the floodwater, which contained poisons from the Ashio mine. In September 1896, a massive flood due to heavy rain damaged the one large city, five prefectures, twelve provinces, and 136 towns and villages over a total area of 46,723 hectares by the water-borne mine poisons.

The Related Diversification In A Business

The Related Diversification In A Business Since the pioneering study of Rumelt (1947) an extensive research has focused on the effects of diversification on firm performance. Two types of diversification are generally selected by then firms. Variables of investigation like firm size, industry performance and their effects on performance are not controlled. Typical studies always focus upon that how a firm diversifies? Managers take strategic decisions about product/industry diversification and always choose the appropriate strategies. Current study reveals that much diversification has reduced the risk leading to a better performance. More diversification need not to improve the performance of firms. It can be argued that current thinking encourages the broad diversification which is warranted, suggesting that unrelated diversification selection has poorer managers on average. In this paper we examine an alternative explanation of the difference between the two types of the diversifications across the different firms impacting on their performances. Porters thinking on corporate strategies is focused on the diversification and its effects on the firms. Hamel and Prahalad advocate the diversified corporations must be not looked only the portfolio of discrete business but a collection of important competencies used in market for different products. Literature on diversification and performance represents the sustainable work in the business strategy. Rumelts (1947) has tested the hypothesis that companies adopting the strategy other than related diversification has not performed well. Another avenue taken in the efforts marks linear versus non-linear structure of diversification-modeling relationship (Palich, Cardinal and Miller, 2000). Three main important perspectives are identified by the Montgomery (1994) which helps to know that why a firm selects to diversify: market power, resource based view and agency theory. Agency theory says that diversification is due to the managerial interests at the expense of stakeholders. Managers seek the diversification because they want to increase the compensation and also provide the ways to make the firms more secure and also reduce the dangers of their personal investment portfolio. Diversified firms are more consolidated and form the organizing of economic activities in more effective ways (Penrose, 1959). Market power is third theoretical perspective from which corporate diversification is motivated. Why the Firms Diversify? Firms exist due to their products and managers maximize the profits. An entity called Marshalls representative firm has resemblance with the real business firms and more than one products are integrated. Business transactions are key role player which determine distribution of the firms activities in industries. Related Diversification It is claimed that multi-business firms having the same business portfolios may get advantages which non-diversifies business firms cannot achieve. This raises the two main questions. Firstly the kinds of similarity and secondly the circumstances under which similar business portfolios give the efficient advantages. It is seen that relevant similarities imply the resources substitution and complement the resources in other company. First we look the situation in which involving resources substitute across the industries. Teece (1980, 1982) has pointed out that there exist such indivisibilities which explain the joint production but did not explain that why joint production is organized in a single firm. In case when the excess capacity is created and traded in well established markets, then single firm and unrelated diversifier have opportunity to sell out their excess products. They can also buy the products according to their capacity from other companies. Two separate companies ca n contact each other to share the input facilities. Joint production may have fewer benefits as compared to the dangers which are greater in numbers and their impacts. Firm integration depends upon the comparative benefits of contacting and costs. Only the resource substitutability is not the source of efficiency gains but it also needed the resource complementarily (Teece, Rumelt, Dosi, Winter, 1994). The process of complementary increases as the investment in another company is increased. Also the resource use in one industry affects the resource use in another industry. These qualitative and quantitative coordination problems are well controlled by the diversified firms (Richardson, 1972; Milgrom Roberts, 1992). All kinds of supply chain use the process of complementarities but only a few are integrated. Diversification exploits the complementarities only when specialized firms are prevented by the transaction costs to recognize the benefits of contacts. Complementary products are also main type of the relatedness. The products of every company are used with the conjunction of other complementary products of same company or another company. For example computers are used with software, cars are purchased with loans, and e lectronic equipments are purchased with other accessories; hence these strategic practices concerning the complements are distinguished (Porter, 1985). Unrelated Diversification So for the arguments presented mainly focus upon the decisions which exploit the valuable resources across the industries. A prediction that related diversification should outperform the unrelated diversification or conglomerate diversification exists in the literature about the diversification. In US the conglomerates that arose during 1960s did not disappear from corporate scene. As the Rumelt (1982) has reported that number of single business firms decreased very rapidly during the 1950s which resulted in increase the unrelated business firms. However the major US companies continued to be diversified during the 1990s. Montgomery (1994) reported that from 1985 to 1992 more than two third of 500 Fortune companies were interested in five distinct business lines. Companies having slow growth industry need to use the excess cash to initiate the diversifying. Business firms can leverage their core using the best strategy. But unrelated businesses only need the diversification when attractive profit prospects are offered by the related business opportunities. Joint venture is logically possible with other organizations into areas of business. Strategic sense makes a sizeable profit in companies adopting the diversification. A strong company with slow-growth industry needs to curtail the new investment in present facilities. A concept about the diversification is the strategic fit in the field of strategic management. This concept also implies that when the weaknesses and strengths of companies are realized and top management begins considering the need of diversification through the process of acquisition. The purpose of this model is not only acquiring through the diversification but also identifying the strengths which are transferable into other markets. This model is useful for the firms with distinctive capabilities entering into new market through the acquisition (Salter Weinhold, 1979). Finally companies try to manage the interdependence through the acquisition or diversification and also sustain their growth. Objectives of Diversification Trends and contingencies provide the analysis which indicates that a company must diversify and avail the diversification opportunities. What are the diversification opportunities? Three main opportunities are included here in this paper which significantly impacts the firms performance. Diversification due to unique products ensures that material used for the manufacturing is composed of the functional components, basic materials and other parts which form the final shape of the product. A big lot of material is purchased from the suppliers from outside. Vertical diversification branches out the all production into its components, parts and materials. One of outstanding example of vertical diversification is the Ford Empire. This vertical diversification not only introduces the new products but also caters the new mission. We have already given a touch to horizontal diversification that introduces the new products which are not inline; cater to those missions in companys knowledge a lso experience in marketing, technology and finance. Third way of diversification is lateral diversification that moves beyond the limits of the firms which a firm belongs. Horizontal and vertical diversifications are restrictive because horizontal and vertical diversifications delimit the field of interest while lateral diversification is more extensive. Premises of Corporate Strategy Numbers of premises are required to build the successful corporate strategy. Facts of diversification cant be altered and when these are ignored the corporate strategy fails. The diversification at Marriot has exploited the food services and hospitality due to well-developed skills. Marriot earns a great margin due to its services in nine regional procurement centers. The diversification in Marriot has balanced the start- ups and acquisitions. The start-up is used for the acquisition of small companies. Marriot has expanded its geographic base; acquires the companies and disposes those parts which do not fit. Companies need sharing activities when diversify across the business evolving the similar evolutionary paths. Many industries in the market share the activities. Wal-Mart performs such activities of sharing and distributes at its discount stores and Sams Club warehouses. These companies get success through diversifying across the similar companies enough for their requirements. Companies compromise on activities which become generic when the divisions of companies grow in different in their core requirement. Porter has worked on the business strategies for different industries, companies and concentrated on different aspects of the diversification in business. Porter has also worked on diversification and companies can spread risk and attain development by the diversification and acquisition. Blue-Chip companies including the Boston Consulting Companies and McKinsey developed the models for discovering which companies will raise and fall. Porter has identified the three critical tests for the success. An Attractive Test: Diversification adopting companies must be structurally attractive and attractive industries will produce better results and entry barriers will be high. Suppliers and customers will have very moderate bargaining power and very few products will substitute. Unattractive industries have high fixed costs and also high rivalry. Cost of Entry Test: When cost of entry is high it will prejudice the potential investment and profitability which will also erode before the game starts. Better-off test: It is required that how the acquiring will provide the advantage in acquiring and significant advantage to others. Porter has tackled these issues by knowing the competition unit level. Identifying the core businesses based on the strategies. Core businesses include those which are found in attractive industries and competitive advantage is found in these industries. Interrelationships among the core businesses can be facilitated by creating the horizontal organizational mechanisms. Diversification opportunities are pursued based on the shared activities and pass the all three critical tests. Skills can be transferred through the shared activities pursuing the diversification. Porter has further addressed the assertion and says that internet is in infancy; too observes that lack of strategies like diversification will result in weak market penetration. He has argued that many internet companies are following to run on the unsustainable competitiveness. He further says that new rules of competition will be thrown up by the re-emerging principles (Porter, 2001). Porter found that diversification st rategies had failed in US as many companies were not successful to create the value (Porter, 1987). He provided the proof of his comments as he had seen that many companies in US cut costs and downsized their staff during the 1980s. However this strategy of diversification could not create value for these companies. Porter (1985) has also said that diversified company is nothing without synergy; it is only a mutual fund. Kanter (1989) has also argued that diversifications justification is only the achievement of synergy. However both of the Porter and Knater have acknowledged that companies find it hard to achieve the synergy, therefore the high rate of failure is there for companies. Porter has vast experience to study the diversification from 1950 to 1986 for leading thirty-three companies of the US and concluded that track record of diversification remained poor and in many cases of acquisition was divested. During the 1970s many acquired business units were resold and establishe d themselves as independent firms (Porter, 1987). Prior to porter strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats were framed on SWOT framework developed by the Harvard (Andrew, 1971). However this framework lacked an analytical foundation. Porter Competitive strategy has changed the strategic management during his work in 1970; it has achieved high value in 1990 and still is shaping the thinking on competitive strategy. His work is academic to a fault Mr. Porter is about as likely to produce a blockbuster full of anecdotes and boosterish catch-phrases as he is to deliver a lecture dressed in bra and stockings. (Porter, 1994). He abstracted his thinking into digestible chunks of business and he proved to be helpful for the business and academic world. In every organization of the world Porters five forces are used more frequently. Later thinking of the Porter on corporate strategy rides runs on the new ways of evolutionary approach. Value chain model of Porter attempts to analyze those resources which are possessed by the companies; companies perform the activities linked together. Intrinsic factors like work morale, corporate culture, level of communication, team spirit, leadership and interpersonal skills exploit the maximum inherent power of employees. However Porter does not include these factors in analysis. Primary and supporting technologies are identified in competitive advantage. What are the core technologies which impact an organization in achieving the competitive advantage? The core functions consist of internal resources of a company such as company culture, management and organizational stru cture. Joint ventures or acquisition adds new skills to the corporation but in Competitive Advantage the intrinsic factors always lead to create or develop technology advancement. Merging or acquiring is also included in the advance technology of diversification. Prahalad and Hamel (1990) have argued that diversified corporations must not be seen as portfolio of discrete business; but also the collection of the competitively necessary competencies; which are used in many markets and different products. Above arguments of Prahalad and Hamel are based on the Honda Company. The core competence theory of Hamel and Prahalad has identified the fundamentals of the core competencies in companies. Bundle of skills and technologies shape the core competence and not the single skill or the technology do it. Prahalad et.al (2001) argues that firms achieve the core competencies when multiple technologies are harmonized along with the customer knowledge, skills and marketing institution to manage them synergistically. This is called the creative building (Prahalad et.al, 2001). Both of Hamel and Prahalad have focused upon the production skills and corporate wide technologies to define the core competencies. The importance of the Prahalad arguments rests on the similarities found in the forms of relatedness as well as in unrelated business. However Hamel and Prahalad concede that approach adopted by the Porter embodies the concept of strategic fit; matching the external requirement with the organizations resources is not so much wrong but it can be referred as unbalanced. Managers imply the concept of strategy that fits with the resources of an organization. According to Hamel and Prahalad the Porters approach is not wrong but it tends to vague the approach where strategic stretch supplements the strategic fit. Here the strategic means the creation of the gap between resources and ambition. We again come to the core competencies but now it comes from the school of Prahalad and Hamel. Hamel and Prahalad (1990) argued that management created organizational abilities of making the products according to the needs of the customers. They have argued as: The skills that together constitute the core competence must coalesce around individuals whose efforts are not so narrowly focused that they cannot recognize the opportunities for blending their functional expertise with those of others un new and interesting ways (Prahalad Hamel, 1990, p.82). The strategic capability brings the cluster of attributes which assist to achieve the competitive advantage. Toyota is a company which has adopted the diversification strategy and Toyota carmakers are happy with the preferred brands as Prius and hybrid cars. General Motors, BMW and DaimlerChrysler have scrambled to roll out their own hybrid products. Ford has also taken step to increase its products but Toyota is leading to produce the more diversified hybrid products. So for we have discussed the different aspects of the diversification across the different companies; theories of Hamel and Prahalad have focused upon the core competencies of the organizations. These core competencies make differentiation of firms adopting them. Porter has advocated that co-operation and collaboration are the means to retain the competitive advantage. Porter has seen that any sign of alliance may prove to be the source of erosion for the long term competitive advantage. Conclusion: We have tried in this paper to focus upon the corporate strategies in business. In most part of the paper we have focused upon the diversification strategy. Diversification with its two common types is described briefly. We have seen that most of the companies in the world operate on the related diversification. The relationship between the cash flow sensitivity and corporate diversification is also investigated in this paper. The cash flow of diversified companies is lower as compared to cash holding. Diversification objectives are also given in this paper. Arguments on the corporate strategy have focused the views of the Porter and other economists. Corporate strategy of Porter depends upon the competitive advantage. It is tried to evaluate the arguments of porter that diversification destroys the value; but Hamel and Prahalad have contradicted the views of the Porter about the core competencies with examples. Quotes from the Porters work are included in this paper which is based o n corporate strategy.

The Religious Differences :: essays research papers

What I am going to say would offend most people, as I plan to be blunt. I think that most Religions are shams. It is obviously something, like Myths, made to explain the world. But certain religions, such as Christianity, are as corrupt as the people considered evil in these very religions.An example that I can think of right off the top of my head is something I saw when I was flipping through the channels on TV. I happened to pass the bible channel and there was this show on. I was curious and I left it on this show for a few seconds. They were talking about the Bible, and what I heard sickened me. They were talking about a passage in the book of Leviticus. A man of Egyptian and Israeli descent was passing through an Israeli camp. He happened to make a remark about God and they sentenced him to death by stoning. This appalled me. Doesn't Christianity also teach people to respect human life? Is life so unimportant that every time someone says something bad about God that he should die? Does God want human sacrifice? I certainly wouldn't worship an awful God like that.And how about Hell? I once read Dante's Inferno and you wouldn't believe the people who are supposed to go to Hell! Among them are: Homosexuals, Atheists, Opportunists and, the most loathing of all, Pagans! Among the Pagans are anyone who worshipped a different God, people who weren't baptized and people who were born before Jesus Christ.Yet, I must admit, there are some religions that seem to be O.K. Most of these are religions based on teachings and ideas rather than some tyrannical God. These religions include Hinduism, Shinto and Buddhism. Among these religions, the most appealing to me would be Buddhism. It teaches that all life is sacred and that people should always be striving to do their best to reach perfection or, as it is commonly referred to, Nirvana.It wasn't derived from some almighty being made up by superstitious peasants. It was formed by a ruler named Siddhartha. This is his story.Buddha was a ruler who was born in Kapilavastu, India, just outside present day Nepal. He showed an early inclination to meditation and reflection, displeasing his father, who wanted him to be a warrior and ruler rather than a religious philosopher. Yielding to his father's wishes, he married at an early age and participated in the worldly life of the court.